“Diseases like COVID and flu can be more severe as we get older and in people with underlying medical conditions…”Īlways finish with a recommendation to vaccinate Explain where to get vaccinated/how to get it Return to talk about the severity of the disease, not just the vaccines “Can I tell you about a patient, who had diabetes like you and got seriously ill because he had not been vaccinated yet.” Share stories about people with risk factors who got sick You need a booster dose to keep your protection up” “Can I share what I know? Protection provided by COVID-19 vaccines wanes over time, especially for protection against severe disease or you getting sick enough to go to hospital. Offer to share your knowledge Avoid over-reassurance Acknowledge all vaccines have side effects “So if I can summarise, it sounds as though your main concern is that…” Summarise concerns to check understanding “Are you up to date with your recommended vaccines? If not, what is keeping you from being vaccinated?” Try to elicit top 3 concerns using open ended questionsĪllow adequate time/listen, before addressing the questions Although we emphasize the learnings from the pandemic, our interventions are broad and can apply to many contexts in which people are hesitant about being vaccinated. Box 1 illustrates how those recommendations can be put into practice in a stylized conversation with a patient. Although the relative importance of the various factors in the 7 C framework may differ between vaccines, cultural contexts, and populations, we consider the interventions available for each factor to be relatively stable. Table 1 summarizes the 7 C framework and the corresponding interventions, informed by learnings from the COVID-19 vaccine rollout during the last 2 years, and points to sources with advice to practitioners. We structure our interventions around the 7 C framework 1, which assesses vaccine hesitancy along the factors of confidence, complacency, constraints, calculation, collective responsibility, compliance, and conspiracy. Evidence-informed strategies for addressing low vaccine uptake are thus urgently required.įocusing on those who make a decision not to vaccinate, we provide a toolbox of possible behavioural and communication interventions that are built on the recognition that vaccine hesitancy may arise from diverse psychological factors that require distinct interventions. This hesitancy, much of it propelled by disinformation, has also spilled over into childhood vaccinations, with a notable decrease in confidence in 52 out of 55 countries polled by the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). There were many reasons for low uptake, varying from country to country however, a sizeable number of people across the globe chose not to get vaccinated. uptake is far higher among Democrats than Republicans with the gap exceeding 30% in some surveys. For example, as of 30 June 2023, uptake of the primary course of vaccines in Europe ranged from 21.1% in Kyrgyzstan to 92.6% in Spain, and in the U.S. Notwithstanding adequate supply, vaccine uptake varies considerably among countries and segments of society. Dawn Holford ORCID: /0000-0002-6392-3991 1,Ĭommunications Psychology volume 1, Article number: 35 ( 2023)Īlthough the COVID-19 pandemic is widely considered to be over, vaccination remains the crucial tool to protect people from severe disease. Lessons from COVID-19 for behavioural and communication interventions to enhance vaccine uptake
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